Recovery of bioactives from k?nuka leaves using subcritical water extraction: Techno-economic analysis, environmental impact assessment and technology readiness level

• Techno-economic assessment of subcritical water and ethanol extraction (SWE EE) Both SWE EE are at high maturity stage (TRL-9) in industrial setting. had lower cost manufacturing (COM) than for same baseline throughput. Increasing raw materials increased COM both EE. Net Present Value (NPV) was double NPV The techno-economic feasibility (TEA), technology readiness level (TRL), environmental impact producing bioactive k?nuka leaf extracts using (SWE) were assessed compared to conventional (EE). the TRL value from analysis. TEA showed that though required more process units, total capital expenditure still 3% higher However, unit production NZ$4.49 million NZ$ 2.14/kg NZ$4.7 5.57/kg EE, respectively. net present twice Sensitivity analysis revealed product sales price controlling factors profitability. K?nuka extract with environmentally benign Overall, better profitability a shorter payback time